READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Jane Goodall

A remarkable career studying chimpanzee behaviour.

In February 1935, the year of King George V’s silver jubilee, a chimpanzee at London Zoo called Boo-Boo gave birth to a baby daughter. A couple of months later, a little blonde-haired girl was given a replica of the zoo’s new arrival to mark her first birthday. This was Jane Goodall’s first recorded encounter with a chimp. The now 87-year-old became famous for her research on a community of chimpanzees in Tanzania, which revolutionised our understanding of these primates, our closest living relatives, and challenged deep-set ideas of what it means to be human.

Goodall tells a story from her childhood that demonstrates how fixated she was by the Africa of her imagination. As a special treat, her mother had taken her to the cinema to see her first Tarzan film. When the curtains drew back, however, the young Goodall burst into a fit of hysterical tears. After being taken to the lobby, she composed herself and told her mother firmly: “That is not Africa.” When she describes her earliest experiences of Africa as an adult, however, they do not sound all that different from the jungles of her dreams as a child.

Not long after arriving in Kenya, Goodall captured the attention of Louis Leakey, the eminent paleoanthropologist and curator of the Coryndon Museum in Nairobi. Within hours of meeting, she had impressed him so much with her knowledge of natural history that he had offered her a job. Within months, Leakey and his wife, Mary, set out on an expedition to Olduvai Gorge in what is now northern Tanzania in East Africa, and Goodall went too.

During her first stint in the field, Goodall struggled to get close to the chimps. However, the individual she named David Greybeard proved a particular inspiration, showing her a side to chimpanzees nobody had ever documented before. In late October 1960, she watched David from a distance as he gnawed away at the freshly killed corpse of what was probably a baby bush pig – an observation that ran counter to the then-widespread assumption that chimps were strict vegetarians. A few days later, Goodall witnessed David making and using a tool to feed on ants. Picking up a stick, he pushed it into one of the narrow entrance holes to the ant colony. The disturbance caused ants to emerge. David would then lick them off the stick. After subsequent, clearer sightings of this behaviour, Goodall went to Leakey with the discovery.

Goodall knew from her time with Leakey that this was an important discovery, because most people believed humans were the only species capable of making and using tools. In response to Goodall’s observations of David and others, Leakey famously declared: “Now we must redefine ‘tool’, redefine ‘man’, or accept chimpanzees as humans.” But despite Leakey’s excitement over Goodall’s early findings, not everyone was ready to embrace them. Goodall received patronizing treatment at the hands of her mainly male colleagues. She was criticised for giving her study-animals names and personalities, although she claims that she did not give them, but merely described their already existing ones. As for Goodall’s reported discovery that chimps used tools, some scientists accused her of teaching them.

Along with her studies, Goodall focused a lot of her time to animal welfare activism, which she eventually switched to full-time after finding it a more rewarding path. She pinpoints her transformation to 1986, and a chimpanzee conference that was organised by the Chicago Academy of Sciences. By then, she’d spent more than 25 years in the field, completed her PhD, established the Gombe Stream Research Center, got married, raised a son and made further ground-breaking observations on chimpanzee society – including insights into chimp communication, mother–infant bonding, inter-community warfare and cannibalism. But at the age of 52, she walked away from the field and turned to a life on the road focusing on the betterment of animal welfare.

Her initial focus – facilitated by the Jane Goodall Institute she’d established almost a decade earlier to support her chimp research at Gombe – was to draw attention to the plight of chimpanzees more generally. In the wild, habitat destruction, commercial hunting, and animal trafficking all posed significant threats to the species’ future. Even today, countries are asking African governments for chimpanzees and gorillas for entertainment, which Goodall fears could risk the integrity of her sanctuaries.

9. The Africa Goodall pictured in her imagination was different from the movie Tarzan.

10. Goodall found it easy to get near the chimps during her first session in the field.

11. Many believed that chimpanzees only consumed plants.

12. Goodall found that a chimpanzee’s main diet involved pushing a stick into an ant hill and licking them off it.

13. Goodall’s research findings were largely accepted by her female colleagues.

Reading passage 2 has six sections, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Put the correct number i-viii in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

Please leave the “-” spots empty.

Complete the summary below.
Type NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Questions 23 and 24 

Choose TWO letters, A-F.
Which TWO of the following statements are made about medical marijuana?

Questions 25 and 26 

Choose TWO letters, A-F.
Which TWO of the following statements are made about inhaling cannabis?

27. A lot of brain development occurs in children under five-years-old.

28. This is the first time there has been outcry towards a new form of media.

29. The AAP warns about the long-term side effects of children using screens under the age of two.

30. “Screen time” is a difficult metric to define.

31. Passive screen time is different from T.V. time.

32. Having a T.V. playing in the background can boost a child’s language development.

33. According to the second paragraph, some experts believe

34. What does the writer suggest about media marketing?

35. Why did Benedictine monks argue against the introduction of mechanic printers?

36. What does the AAP advise?

Look at the following statements (Questions 37-40) and the list of media types below.
Match each statement with the correct media type, A, B, C or D.